অতিপারমাণবিক জগতের তত্ত্ব কথা (ENGLISH )
অতিপারমাণবিক জগতের তত্ত্ব কথা (ENGLISH )
The Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds ;
The theory of the superatomic world
-Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain, Editor, Eastern Science-Tech Review
Cosmology
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)
Cosmology (from
the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world"
and -λογία, -logia "study of") is a branch of astronomy concerned
with the studies of the origin and evolution of the universe,
from the Big Bang to today and on into the future.
It is the scientific study of the origin, evolution, and
eventual fate of
the universe. Physical cosmology is the scientific study of the
universe's origin, its large-scale structures and dynamics, and its ultimate
fate, as well as
the laws of science that govern these areas.[2]
The
term cosmology was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas
Blount's Glossographia,[3] and
in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher Christian
Wolff, in Cosmologia
Generalis.[4]
Religious or mythological cosmology is a
body of beliefs based on mythological, religious, and esoteric literature
and traditions of creation myths and eschatology.
Physical
cosmology is studied by scientists, such as astronomers and physicists, as well as philosophers, such as metaphysicians, philosophers of physics, and philosophers of space and
time. Because of this
shared scope with philosophy, theories in
physical cosmology may include both scientific and non-scientific propositions, and may depend upon assumptions
that cannot be tested. Cosmology differs from astronomy in
that the former is concerned with the Universe as a whole while the latter
deals with individual celestial objects. Modern physical cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory,
which attempts to bring together observational astronomy and particle physics;[5][6] more
specifically, a standard parameterization of the Big Bang with dark matter and dark energy, known as the Lambda-CDM model.
Religious
cosmology is an
explanation of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe from a religious perspective. This
may include beliefs on origin in the form of a creation myth, subsequent evolution, current
organizational form and nature, and eventual fate or destiny. There are various
traditions in religion or religious
mythology asserting
how and why everything is the way it is and the significance of it all.
Religious cosmologies describe the spatial lay-out of the universe in terms of
the world in which people typically dwell as well as other dimensions, such as
the seven dimensions of religion; these are ritual, experiential and emotional,
narrative and mythical, doctrinal, ethical, social, and material.[1]
Religious
mythologies may include descriptions of an act or process of creation by a creator deity or a larger pantheon of deities, explanations of the
transformation of chaos into order, or the assertion that existence is a matter
of endless cyclical transformations. Religious cosmology differs from a
strictly scientific cosmology informed by contemporary astronomy, physics, and similar fields, and may differ in
conceptualizations of the world's physical structure and place in the universe,
its creation, and forecasts or predictions on its future.
The scope of
religious cosmology is more inclusive than a strictly scientific cosmology (physical
cosmology and quantum cosmology) in that religious cosmology is not
limited to experiential observation, testing of hypotheses, and proposals of theories;
for example, religious cosmology may explain why everything is the way it is or
seems to be the way it is and prescribing what humans should do in context.
Variations in religious cosmology include those such as from the Holy Islam.
The
Holy Islam and Cosmology
Islam teaches that Allah created the
universe, including Earth's physical environment and human beings. The highest
goal is to visualize the cosmos as a book of symbols for meditation and
contemplation for spiritual upliftment or as a prison from which the human soul
must escape to attain true freedom in the spiritual journey to God.[6] Several citations from the Quran cosmologically
note:
"And the Skies We constructed with
strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander." (51:47) Sahih
International
"Do not the unbelievers see that
the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation),
before We clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they
not then believe?" (21:30) Yusuf Ali translation
"The day that We roll up the
heavens like a scroll rolled up for books (completed),- even as We produced the
first creation, so shall We produce a new one: a promise We have undertaken:
truly shall We fulfil it." (21:104) Yusuf Ali translation
I
Atomic position of the universe
Our identity with the universe is in the form of visible objects. This visible world is made up of atoms and compounds made up of atoms i.e. the universe had already been made by particles.
Greek philosopher Democritus around 400 BC was the first to theorize about the smallest matter 'particle' (atom). The word atom is derived from the Greek word 'atomas' (atomas) - which means that it cannot be broken, i.e. atom is indivisible. Later in the Middle Ages Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al Arabi Democritus atom respectively 1. Ab, 2. Atas, 3. Khak, and Vata-vastu/substance give this four-dimensional form.
On the other hand, according to Aristotle, matter is continuous, no matter how much it is broken, the particles of matter will continue to get smaller and smaller. Scientist Rutherford said from his experimental results that the atom is a positive charge and mass confined in a small space. He named it 'nucleus'. Protons and electrons make up the nucleus of an atom - this center is called the nucleus. The electrons of the atom move around the nucleus.
STANDARD MODEL OF CREATION
The theory of physics that explains the mass of an object is called "Standard Model". In order for this standard model to exist, a superatomic particle is needed - scientifically known as the "Higgs-boson particle" or God's particle. According to this standard model of physics, the primary basis of mass for every object in the universe is an "invisible particle". This invisible particle is also the reason for the difference in the mass of matter. Research began in 1964 to find out how mass of matter is formed. In 2001, researchers began to look for those particles through a machine called "Tevaton" of Fermilab in the United States. In 2008, CERN's famous researchers entered the competition in search of this particle. In 2011, scientists at CERN detected the initial existence of this particle.
Genesis of the universe based on modern scientific cosmology.
The current science has informed the mankind about the cosmology of the universe that about 1500 million years ago, an invisible micro-point 10-33 cm in size originated from a great source of light energy. A large amount of light energy in the form of the highest energetic radiation is compressed by the macroscopic contraction to a temperature of about 10,000 billion billion degrees Kelvin (K) in just 10-43sec. That is, the beginning of the universe begins with the big bang (Big Bang) in just a fraction of a second, 100 million, billion billion billion times. highest energetic radiation' An unimaginably powerful ball of light. 'The light energy first condenses and enters the big point and in the cosmic moment that point causes the big bang and gradually takes the form of this universe. After the explosion. At that moment, nothing existed except the photon, the particle of light.
On the other hand, scientists in Europe and America break matter into molecules, molecules break atoms, atoms break atoms into electrons, protons and neutrons, and protons and neutrons break into quarks, and finally quarks destroy light particles, photons, and prove that this universe The basic energy used behind creation is basically a kind of light which has the scientific name of Highest Energetic Radiation (HER) . Within the Highest Energetic Radiation (HER) lay the seeds of the sky-earth (sky-planet-star-earth etc.) which were separated by explosion. This explosion is called Big Bang or Big Bang in scientific terms.
The Big Bang is the origin of the Northern Universe
Planckian Age (Planck Epoch)
The period at the very beginning of the universe is called the Planck epoch. Its range is only 10-43 seconds, right after the Big Bang. The number is equal to the number obtained by writing 1 followed by 43 zeros with a decimal point. Current science cannot tell the news of the universe well at this time. Einstein's general relativity suggests that a gravitational singularity existed before this time. It is believed that at this time, the four fundamental forces of nature - gravity, Electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces were unified. Even their power was of the same level. At present, however, gravity is extremely weak compared to others. It is 1038 times weaker than the strong force and 1036 times weaker than the electro-magnetic force. During the Planck era, the universe was only 10-35 meters across. This number is called the Planck length. But if the size is small, the temperature at this time was huge. 1032 degrees Celsius. Like the previous unit, it is also called Planck temperature. And yes, this period is also called Planck time.
The era of great unification
The next era is called Maha Ekibhavan Yuga. The range is 10-43 to 10-36 seconds after the Big Bang. At this point gravity separates from the other three fundamental forces. That is why the unified theory of these three forces is called Maha Ekibhavan Tattva.
The Inflationary Era
The era of great unification was immediately followed by the era of inflation. During this period, the universe became 1026 times larger in a short amount of time. An object 1 nanometer in length would be 10.6 light-years long when magnified this much. This calculation, however, is obtained by calculating on a linear scale. If calculated in terms of volume, the size increased 1078 times i.e. only 10 cm. This era ended 10-32 seconds after the Big Bang.
Current weak period
The inflationary period was immediately followed by a weak period lasting 10-12 seconds. At this time the force ball separated. Only the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force remain together. Exceptional particles such as W, Z and Higgs bosons are created.
The quark era
After 10-12 seconds the quark era begins. During this period, a large number of quarks, electrons and neutrinos are produced. Quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons. The universe got a little colder. Drop below 10 quadrillion degrees (the number you get after 1 followed by 16 zeros). But the most significant event is that the four fundamental forces have completely separated. Just as it is now.
created in pairs
Along with the quarks, their anti-particles antiquarks or antiquarks were also being created. But the meeting of both particles and antiparticles brings death. But again, if quarks do not survive, matter cannot be created. not possible planet, The creation of stars. As a result, no animals including humans were born in the universe. So how did it happen? To keep the quark alive, a natural being playing the role of a quark savior was necessary in the universe. To save the quarks, a process called “baryogenesis” suddenly appeared. A process called baryogenesis plays a very important role at this time. In this process, one quark survives every billion quark-antiquark pairs. For example, out of billions of sperm, only one sperm survives to unite with the ovum to develop into a human embryo. And these surviving quarks are the building blocks of the next universe.
Hadron Age: Orderly, orderly, uniform natural equilibrium age
During this period of the Hadron Age, a fixed order of things prevailed in the universe. The total energy and charge of the universe was then conserved, lasting from 1 second to several minutes. Compound particles made up of quarks are called hadrons. Among the hadron particles we are most familiar with are protons and neutrons, protons, neutrons are made up of 3 quarks called baryons and payons are made up of 2 quarks called mesons. And baryon + meson is formed by hadron particles. In the hadron era, the temperature of the universe decreased a little to one hundred million degrees. As a result, the quarks joined together and got a suitable environment for the formation of hadrons. In addition, neutrons and neutrinos are created by the collision of electrons and protons. These neutrino particles are still traveling through the universe at speeds close to the speed of light.
The Lepton Age
The post-hadron era is called the lepton era. Almost all hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilate, except for a few earlier ones. As a result, the universe was dominated by leptons and anti-leptons. Energy is released when these two oppositely charged particles meet. This energy is released through photons (particles of light). Conversely, photons recombine to form electron-positron pairs. This is where the first 3 minutes of the universe ended. Since then the time gap stands on a huge scale. Then nature took at least 17 minutes in the world organization which was very urgent and important time-period. Important nuclear synthesis takes place in it. This is the name of the process of making the nucleus (center) of a new atom. Protons and neutrons combine to create new atoms through fusion reactions. This is how hydrogen is formed. Early elements in the periodic table such as helium and lithium. In this condition, the temperature of the universe was about 100 million degrees. But after this period the temperature and density dropped so much that nuclear fusion temporarily ceased. This fusion starts again at a later time. But that is not the whole universe.
The photon epoch
This era is called Photon Epoch. At that time, the universe was dominated by radiation. The universe was then filled with a plasma made up of a hot soup of atomic nuclei and electrons. Most of the leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated due to radiation dominance. As a result, there was a scattering of photons throughout the universe. And photon means radiation. Visible light around us is also a form of radiation. Photons in the photon age continue to interact with protons, electrons and atomic nuclei that survived the lepton age. The duration of this age is from 3 minutes to 240 thousand years.
Age of Cosmological Recombination or Cosmic Reconstruction
Then came the age of cosmological recombination. It was a historic turning point in the world. During this period, the temperature suddenly dropped to about 3000 degrees below the surface temperature of the Sun, creating the recombination or reconstruction period. At this time, the ionized hydrogen and helium nuclei bond with the electrons. As a result, atoms filled with protons in the center and electrons in orbits are formed. This process is called recombination. About 75 percent of the universe is hydrogen and 25 percent helium—a ratio formed late in this period.
Dark Era
The period from the recombination era to 15 million years is called the Dark Era. Yuga is the period after the creation of atoms and before the birth of stars. Even if photons exist, the universe is dark in a sense because stars are not born. Imagine that mysterious dark matter ruled the universe at this time
Reionization Era
Then reionization begins. The first quasars formed due to gravitational attraction. On the other hand, the universe again went from a relaxed state to an ionized state. This era spans from 15 to 1 billion years after the Big Bang.
The birth process of stars and galaxies
The process of star and galaxy birth continued for the next 30 to 50 billion years after the reionization epoch, and continued thereafter. Along with the expansion of the universe, these stars are born from the condensation of gas in different regions under the influence of gravity. The first stars born were massive. About one hundred times heavier than the sun. However, their life expectancy was less. Their death happened through supernova explosion. A small central portion would remain. The rest of the material would have been thrown out by the explosion - the material that formed new stars. This cycle of star formation is still going on today.
The birth of the known world
About 5 billion years ago, 850 to 9 billion years after the Big Bang, our Sun was born from material ejected from stars. And the earth was born about 450 million years ago. The universe is moving forward, towards the cosmos, through rapid expansion and the cyclical birth and death of stars. It is not known exactly what is at the end of that time. It should be noted that since the scientist Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity in 1915, physical cosmology has been well established as an observable and precise science. According to the joint interpretation of Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmology, this universe can expand or contract. (Source: Wikipedia) The world is legally divided into two parts. 1) gross secular law 2) subtle secular law. 1. Coarse physical laws: Coarse physical laws are very favorable to Newtonian mechanics. 2. Subtle mundane laws: According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the current age of the universe is 13.75 billion or 1,375 million years. The "current" diameter of the visible part of this universe is about 93 billion light years. The diameter of the universe is greater than 13.75 x 2 = 27.50 billion light years. Moreover, if the universe is imagined as a sphere centered on Earth, its radius would be about 46 billion light years. Astronomers estimate that there are about 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. These galaxies can be very small, such as dwarf galaxies containing only 10 million (or 10 million) stars, or very large, such as giant galaxies containing 1000 billion stars. Structure and Size of the Universe Our galaxy—the Milky Way—is about 30,000 light-years from the Sun to the center of the galaxy. The diameter of the galaxy is 100, 000 or one lakh light years. The local cluster of galaxies are the local galaxies within 5 million or 500,000 light-years of our galaxy. Within this local group of galaxies the three largest spiral galaxies - the Milky Way, Andromeda or M31 and M33 form a gravitational triangle. The Andromeda Galaxy is our nearest large galaxy. Its distance is 2.5 million or 25 lakh light years. The Local Galaxy Cluster is the distance from the Local Galaxy Group to other groups in the Local Galaxy Cluster. As the center of this cluster is the Kanya galaxy group, it is called Kanya Megacluster or Mahacluster. The daughter galaxy cluster is about 65 million, or 6, from us. Located 50 million light years away. Such clusters are ribbon-shaped. This type of galaxy formation can be modeled with soap bubbles. Where the two bubble walls meet, a galactic ribbon appears. There are major galaxy clusters and galactic walls within 500 million or 500 million light-years. All matter within 50 megaparsecs (50 million parsecs or 163 million light-years), including the daughter galaxy mass, is rushing at 600 km/s toward the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, 65 megaparsecs away. The expansion of the universe At the end of the 20th century, astronomers discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. [11] Big Bang In the 20th century, a lot of research was done in the world of cosmology, and as a result, the big bang theory was developed, which almost all scientists now consider to be the cause of the creation of the universe. . Physically speaking Cosmology deals with the largest objects in the universe, such as: galaxies, galaxy classes and clusters, galaxy superclusters, etc. The principles of cosmology are almost immutable in the world of particle physics. The scientists of all time had a firm belief that the universe is governed by 4 main points. Now scientists have named the 5th existence proof as X-17. Scientists hope: Perhaps string theory can find the exact explanation of the discovered 5th ball analysis.
The universe with space and time and all things included in them. The Earth and all other planets, the Sun and other stars and constellations, the interstellar space and the interstellar matter, the Lambda-CDM model, and space (space) - which are still theoretically known but not directly observed - are the world of matter and energy that is called the Universe. .
Source: 1. Physics of the Universe.com
2. https://www.bigganchinta.com/physics/early-age-of-universe
Significant cosmic events after the Big Bang:
Phase transition or fundamental change
10-10 seconds after the Big Bang, a dramatic event occurred that changed the space-time and state of the universe. Scientists call this type of change phase transition or fundamental change which is not an external change but an internal fundamental change. As a result of this change, all space-time takes on an entirely new shape. This is now called the Higgs field. Although the matter is completely unknown to scientists, invisible. It is not even perceptible. However, although scientists do not understand the presence of this Higgs field, elementary particles such as electrons can understand its effects. That is, the Higgs field is a real thing to the smallest elementary particles. As we are immersed in an air-sea, Similarly, this Higgs field has always surrounded us. But it is not everywhere like air but everywhere throughout the universe. It is true that this air is no longer available once it leaves the Earth's atmosphere, but there is no place in the universe where this Higgs field is not present. That is, it is also located throughout the voids of our universe.
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